Monologue: year-end review of Proto-Indo-European origins and humanity's deep evolution and diversity

On this episode of Unsuperivsed Learning Razib reviews two big stories he has followed and written about on this Substack in 2025, Indo-European origins and how genomics has illuminated human evolution.

• Two Steppes forward, one step back: parsing our Indo-European past

• The cave where it happened: Denisova cavern’s congress of ancient peoples

• The wandering Fulani: children of the Green Sahara

• John Hawks and Chris Stringer: Neanderthals, Denisovans and humans, oh my!

• Re-writing the human family tree one skull at a time

• John Hawks: varieties of humankind all mixed-up

• Cesar Fortes-Lima: the Fulani out of the Green Sahara

• Lost Green Saharans: ancient DNA unearths a new race from a verdant North African interlude

• Homo with a side of sapiens: the brainy silent partner we co-opted 300,000 years ago

• Bonus monologue: man the hybrid monster

• Bonus monologue: ancient North Africans and the Green Sahara